Monday, January 25, 2021

• Rumination: Coping Methods

"Tackle plans one step at a time"

Rumination happens whether we want to or not; it is a part of our mind and the way our brain works. It is something that can not be preventable. However, it can be controlled to a certain extend.

ü  Practicing Mindfulness and Reflection

o   Practicing mindfulness helps us ground ourselves back to reality and the present world when we wander a bit too far. It also allows us to “catch” the thoughts when it warps into brooding instead of reflection – going into the process of “catching” these thoughts, acknowledging mistakes without judging the self and then letting it go.

o   Be ready to acknowledge that some ruminating thoughts have no solution or may never have a closure – all you need is your own acceptance of the self

 

ü  Distractions

o   When flowing down the ruminating cycle of brooding, try distracting yourself by engaging in healthy and constructive distractions that improve and boost your emotional, physical, and social wellbeing such as listening to a song, listening to a podcast, self-help YouTube channels, exercise, gardening or even calling a good friend for a chat.

o   Avoid mindless distractions that do not add value into your life such as engaging in unhealthy drinking habits, substance abuse, or mixing with the wrong type of friends

 

ü  Steps to Take Note of:

o   Look for the Purpose behind these Ruminating Thoughts

§  Some ruminating thoughts can be transformed into something meaningful

o   Identify the Reason

§  Why are these thoughts cycling in the mind?

§  Determine changes or the acceptances of the reason of the ruminating thought

§  Avoid comparing your struggles or these ruminating thoughts with others – Everyone’s journey to healing is different

o   Implement into Life

§  Write meaningful notes that remind the self about the ruminating thoughts

§  Share your thoughts and opinions to a good friend or family member

§  Write down 10 wonderful and meaningful things you learned in a day

§  Be willing and courageous to invite your fears into the open space

 

ü  Interpersonal Therapy

o   A more professional and certified method to deal with severe ruminating thoughts that an individual struggles with. Interpersonal Therapy works with the individual through his or her unresolved grief, the lack of finding a purpose in life, handling conflict between friends, colleagues, or family members as well as challenging life transitions such as divorce, moving to a new city or working in a new company.

o   Working through with an individual by implementing specific treatment strategies to identify and target issues as well as continuous homework, assessments, and personal interviews by the therapist or counsellor in sessions.

 

Self-awareness and self-actualization is an endless journey filled with compassion starting with the self. Reflecting on mistakes, unforgettable betrayals, or inconsolable grief may be a good thing when you carry it out onto your palm, acknowledge its many feelings, and then letting the feelings go without denying the memory and its feelings can prove to be a silent insight and provide a sense of humbleness and gratitude.
 
However, when these reflection becomes a constant buzzing in your mind to the point that you began brooding over the negative feelings and memory without coming to any sort of conclusion, acceptance, or solution, it may prove to be harmful to your mindset and may impair future decision-making and judgment skills.
 
When working with yourself, always remember to be kind.



Resources:
Peterson, A., L. (2021). Mental Health @ Home: What is Rumination. Retrieved from Insights into Psychology: Rumination - Mental Health @ Home (mentalhealthathome.org)
Wehrenberg, M. (2021). Rumination: A Problem in Anxiety and Depression. Retrieved from Rumination: A Problem in Anxiety and Depression | Psychology Today
Dr. Rodriguez, G., S. (2021). Rumination: When Your Thoughts Don't Have An Off Button. Retrieved from Rumination: When Your Thoughts Don’t Have an Off Button (thepsychologygroup.com)
Christiansen, T. (2020). The Recovery Village: Rumination. Retrieved from Rumination Thought Disorder Overview | The Recovery Village
Dr. Rodriguez, G., S. (2021). Rumination: When Your Thoughts Don't Have An Off Button. Retrieved from Rumination: When Your Thoughts Don’t Have an Off Button (thepsychologygroup.com)

• Rumination: Signs and Symptoms

 

"Rumination only becomes a problem when it tends to latch onto
negative feelings and is mulled over persistently"

As mentioned previously, rumination is a common thinking pattern in our daily life that is known as a way to deal with or handle our problems. However, rumination only becomes a problem or a disorder when we ruminate in an overextended manner regarding a past event and latches onto the feelings that are brought on by these thoughts.

Based on multiple research, there is also a connection between rumination and depression as well as anxiety. When left uncheck, ruminating thoughts that are aimed at being unhelpful / brooding thoughts that focus on the negative, may begin to affect the individuals’ mindset, feelings and even behavior that will gradually leak out onto his or her present life.

It is also noteworthy to highlight that some people only goes through temporary rumination when experiencing stressful situations such as Temporary Rumination.


Temporary Rumination:

  • ·      Dreading an upcoming important test
  • ·       Reminiscing an important conversation
  • ·       Reliving a past event that was meaningful

In other circumstances that an individual may notices that his or her thought process is ongoing, persistent, and frequent, it may be rumination.

Symptoms of Rumination:

  • ·       Excessive thinking about a painful topic or behavior
  • ·       Excessive talking about a painful past event
  • ·       Lack and loss of interest in usual activities
  • ·       Loss of concentration in daily tasks
  • ·       Racing thoughts

 

Contributing Factors to Rumination:

  • ·       Perfectionism
  • ·       Trauma History
  • ·       Believing that Rumination is the same as Reflection     
  • ·       Neurotic Mindset

 

Bear in mind that rumination is a part of us and should not be viewed as something that alienates us from being human. Whenever our mind goes into autopilot mode, we tend to engage reflect, ruminate, and reminisce about something that happened or was said in the past. 



Resources:
Peterson, A., L. (2021). Mental Health @ Home: What is Rumination. Retrieved from Insights into Psychology: Rumination - Mental Health @ Home (mentalhealthathome.org)
Wehrenberg, M. (2021). Rumination: A Problem in Anxiety and Depression. Retrieved from Rumination: A Problem in Anxiety and Depression | Psychology Today
Dr. Rodriguez, G., S. (2021). Rumination: When Your Thoughts Don't Have An Off Button. Retrieved from Rumination: When Your Thoughts Don’t Have an Off Button (thepsychologygroup.com)




♧ What is Rumination?

"An act of thinking carefully and for a long period about something"
- Cambridge Dictionary (2021)


"The tricky thing about rumination is that it feels like it is helpful, but there is no action taken, and you don't move forward to some sort of solution" - Carla Grayson 


The term Rumination, based on the Cambridge Dictionary (2021), refers to “an act of thinking carefully and for a long period about something”. Similarly, rumination in the psychological term refers to an individual repeatedly mulling over past events. Rumination, the thought disorder – a form of persistent negative thinking, is not to be mistaken as “rumination disorder” which involves certain eating disorders.

Why do we Ruminate? 
Default Mode Network (DMN)
(credit: Buckner et al, Ann NY Acad Sci, 2008)

Based on the many research that has been done over the recent years, ruminating occurs when our Default Mode Network (DMN) is engaged in autopilot mode. 

This is the part of the brain that is related to memory and is often active when we daydream, lost in the wonderland of random thoughts (or not so random) or even reminiscing of the past whether it may be good or bad.  

 

The 2 Subtypes of Rumination:
  1. Reflection - the cycle of analytical and problem-solving thinking that generally reaches more positive outcomes as well as a solution
  2. Brooding - the self-perpetuating thinking process that tends to lead to more negative outcome about themselves or about others
Rumination is a normal thinking process that occurs in each of our life and at any point. It generally does not become a problem unless an individual ruminates in an overextended manner and reports it as being frequent, and ongoing until it interferes with his or her daily tasks. Other than that, it serves as a strategic thinking process that enables us to look for answers within our “past mistakes” and ensures that “it doesn’t happen again next time”. 

Reflecting on something that has happened or has been said does help us learn, understand, and grow as well as improve our problem-solving skills. However, ruminating to an overextended period of time can prove to be harmful in both thoughts and actions.
 
Ruminating vs Worrying 
Though now it may sound as if rumination is the same as “worrying”, it is not. Worry involves a feeling, thought, or action that may be a danger or a threat to the individual. For example: “Yesterday, my neighbor told me that her home was nearly broken into; I am now worried that the same may happen to me.”

Where else, rumination involves the feeling of loss, hopelessness, and a sense of failure; it stems from circumstances of disappointment, grief, depression, and sadness. For example: “If only I was there watching my son when he was playing near the pool, then perhaps his death could have been avoided.” 

 


Resources:
Christiansen, T. (2020). The Recovery Village: Rumination. Retrieved from Rumination Thought Disorder Overview | The Recovery Village
Dr. Rodriguez, G., S. (2021). Rumination: When Your Thoughts Don't Have An Off Button. Retrieved from Rumination: When Your Thoughts Don’t Have an Off Button (thepsychologygroup.com)


Monday, July 15, 2019

• Coping with Major Depressive Disorder

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Major Depressive Disorder drains your energy, hope, and drive, making it hard to make the strides that will assist you with feeling better. Sometimes, simply considering the things you ought to improve, such as exercising or spending time with friends can appear to be incapacitating or difficult to put into action without hesitation.
Managing Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) proposes having a technique or activity intend to control side effects. Coping, then again, is the manner by which you handle the circumstance or come to terms with your illness. A depression diagnosis can be overpowering. However, when you acknowledge the circumstance for what it is, it'll be simpler to proceed onward with your life.
Below suggested are some ways to cope with Major Depressive Disorder:

  • Knowing that you are not on your Own


On the off chance that none of your companions or family suffers from depression, it can feel as though you're alone. You may feel humiliated or embarrassed. However, depression can be coped with when reaching out and staying connected to your friends and family. Remaining associated with other individuals and partaking in social activities will improve things significantly in your state of mind and standpoint. Connecting is certainly not an indication of shortcoming and it won't mean you're a weight to other people.

  • Doing Things that Makes you Feel Good


A basic way of life changes can likewise enable you to adapt to this ailment. Ensure you get a lot of rest. Inadequate rest can cause irritability and anxiety. While you can't compel yourself to have a fabulous time or experience happiness, you can drive yourself to get things done, notwithstanding when you don't feel like it. You may be astounded at how much better you feel once you're out in the world. Regardless of whether your MDD doesn't lift quickly, you'll little by little feel increasingly energetic and enthusiastic as you set aside a few minutes for the sake of entertaining activities. 

  • Face up to Negative Thinking


Do you have an inclination that you're weak or powerless? That awful thing occurs and there's nothing you can do about it? That your circumstance is hopeless? MDD puts a negative turn on everything, including the manner in which you see yourself and your hopes and dreams for the future.
Rebecca Fuller on Linkedin

At the point when these sorts of thoughts overpower you, recall these are symptoms of MDD and these unreasonable, negative mentalities, aren't genuine or real. When you truly look at them they don't hold up. But even so, they can be hard to give up. Because you can't break out of this negative thoughts by instructing yourself to be "simply think positively."
However, this can be faced by trying to distinguish the sort of negative thinking’s that are powering MDD and replace them with a progressively adjusted perspective. 


References

Help guide. (2019). Coping with Depression. Retrieved 13 July, 2019, from https://www.helpguide.org/articles/depression/coping-with-depression.htm
Health Line. (2019). Managing vs Coping with MDD: What’s the Difference?. Retrieved 13 July, 2019, from https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/managing-major-depressive-disorder/managing-vs-coping
Health Line. (2019). Major Depressive Disorder (Clinical Depression). Retrieved 13 July, 2019, from https://www.healthline.com/health/clinical-depression

• Major Depressive Disorder: Diagnosis and Treatment

Pinclipart

Possible complications caused by Major Depressive Disorder (MDD):

  • Excess weight or obesity, which can lead to heart disease and diabetes
  • Pain or physical illness
  • Alcohol or drug misuse
  • Anxiety, panic disorder or social phobia
  • Family conflicts, relationship difficulties, and work or school problems
  • Social isolation
  • Suicidal feelings, suicide attempts or suicide
  • Self-injury (For example, cutting
  • Premature death from medical conditions

Diagnoses of Major Depressive Disorder

  • Physical Examination:

The doctor may do a physical exam and ask questions about a person’s health. In some cases, depression may be linked to an underlying physical health problem.
  • Lab Tests:

For instance, the doctor may do a blood test called a complete blood count or test the person’s thyroid to make sure it's functioning properly.
  • Psychiatric Evaluation:

A person’s mental health professional asks about their symptoms, thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns. They may be asked to fill out a set questionnaire of MDD to help answer these questions.
  • DSM-5:

A Qualified Mental Health Professional may use the criteria’s for depression listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association.

Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD):

    Beyond Blue
  • Medications:

A doctor may prescribe antidepressants, anti-anxiety, or antipsychotic medications. Each type of medication that’s used to treat depression has its own benefits and potential risks.
  • Psychotherapy:

Speaking with a therapist can help a person to learn skills to cope with negative feelings. They may also benefit from family or group therapy sessions.
  • Light therapy:

Exposure to doses of white light can help regulate mood and improve symptoms of depression. This therapy is commonly used in seasonal affective disorder (which is now called major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern).
  • Alternative therapies:

Ask the doctor about acupuncture or meditation. Some herbal supplements are also used to treat depression, like St. John’s wort, SAMe, and fish oil. Talk with the doctor before taking a supplement or combining a supplement with prescription medication because some supplements can react with certain medications. Some supplements may also worsen depression or reduce the effectiveness of the medication.

  • Taking care of yourself through:

1. Exercise:
 Aim for 30 minutes of physical activity three to five days a week. Exercise can increase the body’s production of endorphins, which are hormones that improve a person’s mood.

2. Substance Abuse (avoiding alcohol and drugs):
Drinking or using drugs may make a person feel better for a little bit. But in the long run, these substances can make depression and anxiety symptoms worse.

3. Learning to be more assertive:
An overwhelming feel can worsen symptoms of anxiety and depression. Setting boundaries in professional and personal life can help a person feel better.
A person can also improve symptoms of depression by taking care of themselves. This includes getting plenty of sleep, eating a healthy diet, avoiding negative people, and participating in enjoyable activities. Sometimes depression doesn’t respond to medication. The doctor may recommend other treatment options if the symptoms don’t improve.

References
Kerr, M. (2017). Major Depressive Disorder: Symptoms. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/clinical-depression#causes
WebMD. (2019). Major Depressive Disorder: Symptoms. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/major-depression#1
Mayo Clinic. (2019). Depression: Major Depressive Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007

Harvard Medical School. (2019). What Causes Depression? Retrieved from https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression

Sunday, July 14, 2019

• Major Depressive Disorder: Symptoms and Causes

Getting up (Credit: 23HourParty)

According to DSM-5 (Diagnostic Statistical Manual, 5th Edition), a person may have Major Depressive Disorder if he or she has experienced 5 or more of the symptoms below which persist for 2 weeks.

    • Significant weight gain or weight loss (5% of body weight gained or loss)
    • Slowed thinking, speaking or body movements
    • Feelings of worthlessness or guilt, self-blame, or fixated on past failures
    • Struggles in thinking, concentrating, making decisions and remembering things
    • Frequent or recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts or suicide
    • Angry outburst, irritability or frustration over small matters
    • Sleep disturbances (insomnia or sleeping too much)
    • Loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities, hobbies, sex or sports
    • Lack of energy (small tasks requires extra effort)
    • Apathetic

Causes

Many chemicals in our body and mind are involved in working in and out of our cells that ensures healthy well-being both in mind and body. However, it is not as simple as saying that there is a chemical imbalance in the brain that causes a person to develop depression. 

It is no wonder that depression is also known as the Master of Disguise as it has the reputation of being well hidden within a person. This is also why many of those who suffer from depression mostly suffer in silence and without treatment.

Though it is important to understand that certain parts of our brain are responsible for balancing our moods, importantly, the nerve cells connection, growth and function. Despite researchers studying this, it's knowledge of neurological related to moods is still very much incomplete.


The 3 main areas of the brain that are affected:
Amygdala, Thalamus, and Hippocampus (Credit: ProProfs)

  • Amygdala
    • Limbic system
    • Responsible for emotions such as anger, pleasure, sorrow, fear and sexual arouse
    • Activates when the person recalls a frightening memory
    • Activity in this part of the brain increases when the person is sad or clinically depressed
    • Continues even after recovery from depression
  • Thalamus
    • Receives most sensory information and relays to the appropriate part of the cerebral cortex such as speech, behavioral reactions, movement, thinking and learning
    • It is suggested that Bipolar Disorder results from the issues in the Thalamus 
  • Hippocampus
    • Part of the limbic system and plays a role in processing long-term memory and recollection
    • This part of the brain is responsible for registering fear when encountered with a frightening situation
    • Appears to be smaller or shrunk in those with depression as it is believed that the hippocampus nerve cells are damaged and that the stress impairs the growth cells related

 The Neurotransmitters affected:
Researchers believed that there are a few different kinds of neurotransmitters that play a role in depression.
  1. Acetylcholine
    • Relates to memory, learning and recalling
  2. Serotonin
    • Responsible for sleep, appetite, mood, and pain
    • Researchers noted that depressed people have a low level of serotonin transmission which contributes to a high risk of suicide
  3. Norepinephrine
    • Responsible for motivation and reward
    • Constricts blood vessels
    • Raises blood pressure
    • Triggers anxiety 
  4. Dopamine
    • Responsible for movement
    • Related with psychosis
    • Brain reward system 
  5. Glutamate
    • Excitatory neurotransmitter
    • Related to Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia
  6. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
    • Acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter
    • Thought to help calm anxiety

Cause in Other Factors:

  • Genetic
    • Family history of depression or bipolar disorder
  • Environmental
    • Pressure in the workplace, job scope or retirement
  • Psychological Factors
    • Triggered emotions from the past
    • A recent traumatic or stressful event

References
Kerr, M. (2017). Major Depressive Disorder: Symptoms. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/clinical-depression#causes
WebMD. (2019). Major Depressive Disorder: Symptoms. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/major-depression#1
Mayo Clinic. (2019). Depression: Major Depressive Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007
Harvard Medical School. (2019). What Causes Depression? Retrieved from https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression

♧ Depression: Major Depressive Disorder

It is not just being 'sad' (Credit: Chris Gethard)
Depression . . . 

The very disorder that most will think they have... or do they? In reality, the definition and true expression of depression is masked behind the scenes of a trend or depicted falsely in some movies or tv series by a cute, dark teenage boy who smokes a cigarette and wishes for death. However, is that all to depression?

With that in mind, let it be rooted deeply that there is no denying that there is a major difference between having depression and in depression. This is important as most in the world does not believe in the fact that depression is an actual mental disorder; some simply believe that depression just means that a person is sad.

Having Depression

Those who have depression often state that they "feel" depressed at a certain period of time with an external factor that causes the person discomfort and sadness. However, after a short period of time, the "feeling" goes away and all is back to normal until the person encounters another stressful or sad situation which will then cause the person to feel sad and "feel" depressed of which the cycle continues.

In Depression

In the United States of America, of the 10% of all those suffering from depression, most will suffer in silence and without treatment. Those who are in depression tend to suffer silently with the loss of will to even so much as to get up from bed or, to eat or to socialize with others. The difference is that the person never gets better, suffers from it long-term and progressively gets worst depending on the types of depression if he or she does not seek out clinical help and support. 



PET Scan: Differences between Depressed and Non-Depressed


There are 8 different types of depression which are as follows: 

  1. Major Depressive Disorder (a.k.a Clinical Depression)
  2. Chronic Depression (a.k.a Dysthymia)
  3. Atypical Depression
  4. Postpartum Depression
  5. Bipolar Depression (Manic Depression)
  6. Seasonal Depression (SAD)
  7. Psychotic Depression 
  8. Treatment-Resistant Depression


Major Depressive Disorder


When the symptoms of depression persist for an extended period of time, the person may have Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). It affects various areas of a person's life to the point that it alters lifestyles and physical functions such as the impact of mood and behavior as well as changes in the person's appetite and sleep cycle. People suffering from MDD tend to lose all interest in activities that they once enjoyed, struggles in daily activities and routines and a loss of interest in maintaining friendships or relationships.

What Triggers Major Depressive Disorder

Researchers stated that most of their studies and research point to a chemical imbalance in the body and the brain but there is not enough data that confirms that chemical imbalance is the true causes of developing Major Depressive Disorder. 

In fact, there are many reasons that may contribute to the disorder and one should consult their therapist or physician if he or she suspects themselves having symptoms of MDD that has persisted throughout their life, and experience symptoms throughout the day that occurs often and frequently within a week.

Below is the list that commonly triggers a person to develop Major Depressive Disorder:
  • Social isolation or feelings of being deprived
  • Loss of a loved one through death, separation or divorce
  • Personal conflicts in relationships (significant other or superior)
  • Physical abuse, sexual abuse or emotional abuse
  • Major life changes (moving, graduation, retirement)

 


References
WebMD. (2018). What is Major Depressive Disorder: Definition and Triggers. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/major-depression#1
WebMD. (2018). What is Major Depressive Disorder: Types of Depression. Retrieved fromhttps://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/depression-types#1
Farrell, Helen. (2016). Are You Feeling Depressed vs Having Depression? Retrieved from https://thedoctorweighsin.com/are-you-feeling-depressed-or-having-depression/
Harvard Medical School. (2019). What Causes Depression? Retrieved from https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression